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LESSON: OUT OF THE DARKNESS

In this lesson, students will learn how the 1929 stock market crash sent the U.S. into the Great Depression – a time of high unemployment, deflation and other financial troubles. The South suffered even more as floods, disease, poor farming conditions and lack of electricity made life even harder. President Roosevelt’s program called The New Deal helped put the country on the road to recovery. It also created The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), helping ease the additional hardships faced by the people in the South. Click on the videos, photos, maps and more below to get the full story.

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Tennessee Lesson  Alabama Lesson

Lesson 1: Out of the Darkness

Introductory Activity

Lesson 1
  1. Show the Built for the People – The Story of the TVA (26 minute) video.
  2. Use the following questions to lead the class in a follow-up discussion:
    • TVA was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and is said to have “taken the South ‘out of the darkness.’”
      • What does this mean?
      • How did TVA take the South out of the darkness?
    • Would life today be different without the creation of TVA?
      • How?
      • In what ways has TVA changed life in the Tennessee Valley region?
    • Do you think the traditions and sacrifices of past generations are reflected in TVA’s work today?

Discovery Activity

Note: This class can be conducted with each student using an individual computer, tablet or mobile device. Or, the teacher can lead the class through the lesson using the website, handouts and a projector/whiteboard.

  1. Distribute a handout to each student. Students will write answers on notebook paper. Click here to print the handout.
  2. Direct students to the website.
  3. Ask students to use the tools and resources provided by the website to respond to the handout questions (for a 100-point grade).
  4. As the students complete the activity, be available to answer any questions they might have.
Lesson 1

Extension Activities

Pretend you are a news reporter assigned to cover the announcement of the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Watch the video of Franklin D. Roosevelt's historic speech launching the TVA and to read an excerpt from the speech. Write a short article announcing that the TVA Act has been signed into law. In your article, use information from the documentary and Roosevelt's speech to highlight at least three changes you believe TVA will bring to the Tennessee Valley. Use the website template and photo archive to create your story.

Activity: The New Deal & the Beginning of TVA

For Teachers:

Watch the videos "The Tennessee Valley Before TVA," "TVA's Impact on the Tennessee Valley" and listen to the audio clip "President Roosevelt's Historic Speech". Discuss the issues faced by the Tennessee Valley region that existed before The New Deal and the creation of TVA, and how the region was affected by them both.

After reviewing the lesson, give your students the chance to craft their own newspaper articles about the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority that highlight at least three changes TVA brought to the region. By using our online newspaper template, your class can create and print customized articles complete with historic photos and their own, unique headlines.

For Students:

Here's a chance for you to get creative. Pretend you're a news reporter in the 1930s or '40s gathering facts about an important topic related to the Tennessee Valley's transformation. Write a newspaper article that highlights at least three changes TVA will bring to the Tennessee Valley region. You could write about what life was like for a family who had no electricity or about a businessman who is getting more business because the new river navigation made it easier to receive goods to sell. You could even write about President Roosevelt's program called The New Deal and how people in the region react to the creation of TVA. It's up to you.

For your story's details, use the information and videos from the website. You can include quotes from the online interviews in the section Valley Stories: Reflections from the Past on the videos page.

Write the date, headline, subhead and the main article in the fields. You can insert photos from the photo archive and drop them into your story. Just look for the "Large Image" or "Small Image" sections and click the "Select" button to start browsing. Press "Submit" to preview the final product. Click here to get started.

Imagine you and your classmates have been asked to give up your homes, farmland and property so that TVA can build Norris Dam. Your class will be divided into two groups for a debate. One group will support Norris Dam, and the other will oppose it. Work with your group to prepare for the debate by reviewing interviews and footage about Norris Dam, then create a list of arguments supporting your position.

The interviews and stories in the film demonstrate the personal impact of the TVA on the lives of the people of the Tennessee Valley region. Choose an older friend or family member to interview about their experience growing up in the Tennessee Valley and the impact of TVA. To prepare for the interview, review the personal stories and excerpts from the film, then create your own set of questions. You may write out the interview or film it.

Option: Instead of interviewing a friend or family member, select a person featured in one of the photographs on the website. Write what you imagine their story to be: Who are they? Where do they live? How did their life change as a result of the TVA?

Activity: Tennessee Valley Stories
Historical image

For Teachers:

Watch the videos under the heading Valley Stories: Reflections from the Past" with your classroom for several firsthand accounts of what life was like in the Tennessee Valley region.

Historical artifact

After discussing these interviews with your students, have your class choose a photo from our gallery and write a fictional account about the photo they choose. In their stories, have your students describe the people in the photo and how their lives changed as a result of TVA and the development of the Tennessee Valley region. Then let your students share their stories with the class.

For Students:

After viewing the video series "Valley Stories: Reflections from the Past," take some time to discuss how so many people's lives in the region were dramatically influenced by TVA. Once you have watched the videos, choose a photo that intrigues you from our gallery and write a fictional account about the person in that picture.

Here are some questions to consider answering with your story:

  • Who are they?
  • Where do they live?
  • What was their life like before TVA and how did it change afterwards?

Be prepared to share your photo and story with your class.

Nebraska Senator George Norris was instrumental in passing this bill, which permitted the building of Norris Dam. Watch the video reenactment of Senator Norris's speech to discover reasons why he supported the building of the dam. Pretend to be Senator Norris and write a speech arguing for the passing of the bill in the Senate. Be prepared to give the speech to your class.

Eminent domain is a law that allows the government to purchase privately owned land from landowners in order to meet a public need. Your class will be divided into two groups for a debate. One group will support eminent domain, and one group will oppose it. Prepare for the debate by reviewing the "Eminent Domain" information on the website and by watching the Tellico Dam Controversy (Snail Darter) and Norris Dam (Extended Version) videos. Generate a list of specific examples from the video Built for the People—The Story of the TVA to support your position.

Historical document

For Teachers:

When does the nation's "greater good" take precedence over the private property rights of an individual? Eminent domain is a complex legal concept that allows the government to compulsorily purchase privately owned land from landowners to meet a public need. Watch the videos "Tellico Dam Controversy (Snail Darter)," "Norris Dam (Extended)" and "Built for the People—the Story of the TVA" to gain a clearer understanding of eminent domain and how it affected the Tennessee Valley region and its people.

After discussing the videos with your classroom, divide the class into two groups. The groups can be randomly assigned or based on your students' true feelings. Let the students research and debate the pros and cons of eminent domain.

For Students:

President Roosevelt's program called The New Deal was created to help lead the entire country out of the Great Depression. One part of his program, called the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, contained an important statement about eminent domain.

The definition of eminent domain is: "the power of the state to take private property for public use with payment of compensation to the owner."

Many TVA projects and dams constructed under the Tennessee Valley Authority Act could not have been built without the implementation of eminent domain. Although landowners would be compensated for the use of their property, the idea that the government could compel people to leave behind their homes and land was not without controversy. However, by signing the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, President Roosevelt and Congress demonstrated a belief that the sacrifice of a few could greatly benefit a majority of the people in the Valley.

Legal document

Read below to find out what the act said about eminent domain:

"(h) [The U.S. government] Shall have power in the name of the United States of America to exercise the right of eminent domain, and in the purchase of any real estate or the acquisition of real estate by condemnation proceedings, the title to such real estate shall be taken in the name of the United States of America, and thereupon all such real estate shall be entrusted to the Corporation as the agent of the United States to accomplish the purposes of this Act.

(i) Shall have power to acquire real estate for the construction of dams, reservoirs, transmission lines, power houses, and other structures, and navigation projects at any point along the Tennessee River, or any of its tributaries, and in the event that the owner or owners of such property shall fail and refuse to sell to the Corporation at a price deemed fair and reasonable by the Board, then the Corporation may proceed to exercise the right of eminent domain, and to condemn all property that it deems necessary for carrying out the purposes of this Act, and all such condemnation proceedings shall be had pursuant to the provisions and requirements hereinafter specified, with reference to any and all condemnation proceedings: Provided, That nothing contained herein or elsewhere in this Act shall be construed to deprive the Corporation of the rights conferred by the Act of February 26, 1931 (46 Stat. 1422, ch. 307, secs. 1 to 5, inclusive), as now compiled in section 258a to 258e, inclusive, of Title 40 of the United States."

Watch the video interviews with Leo Cobb then think about what electricity has meant to Leo and his family. Now choose a photograph, object or artifact that best represents the significance of electricity and its effect on society and the Great Depression. Create a short presentation about the image or artifact to share with your class.

Mini Lessons

If you want to teach about the Tennessee Valley before TVA:

  • Show “The Tennessee Valley before TVA” online at tva.com/education/currents-of-change
  • Recall from video: Who created TVA? In what year was TVA created?
  • Think-Pair-Share: Have students think about the following question for a moment, then pair with a peer and share their response.
  • Discuss as a class: Why was the creation of TVA and the building of dams such an effective solution for the Tennessee Valley during the Great Depression?
  • Extension Activity: Have students write a written response to the following questions: Do you think TVA was the right solution for the Tennessee Valley? Was there anything that would have made it better?

If you want to teach about the impact of TVA on the Tennessee Valley:

  • Compare and contrast the before and after TVA photos found online:
  • Using the photo resource online, have students compare and contrast before and after pictures as a class. Individually, students then write how the pictures demonstrate the impact of TVA on the Tennessee Valley.

If you want to teach about eminent domain:

  • Using the Eminent Domain Resource from the Currents of Change website, discuss the definition of eminent domain and its applicability in the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933.
  • Have students decide whether they agree, disagree, strongly agree or strongly disagree with eminent domain and its use in Tennessee and why they feel that way
  • In the class, have the following four choices posted in different areas of the room: Agree, Disagree, Strongly Agree or Strongly Disagree. Students go to the area that matches their choice and share with the others why they chose that option.
  • A group leader from each group explains their choice and, once all groups have gone, the floor can be open for debate of the choices. Students are able, at this point, to move to a different option if they change their mind.
  • Watch Norris Dam abbreviated video clip. Give students the opportunity to change their minds again.
Fontana Crane

Lesson 1: Out of the Darkness - Photos

Before the Depression
Before TVA/Depression
People of Tennessee Valley
People of Tennessee Valley
Artifacts
Artifacts
The TVA Act
The TVA Act
Norris Dam
Norris Dam
After the TVA Act
After the TVA Act

Lesson 1: Out of the Darkness - Videos

TVA and the Impact on the Tennessee Valley. Valley Stories: Reflections from the Past.

Graphs

United States GDP

Gross Domestic Product from 1910-1960 (Billions of Dollars)

US GDP (Billions $)
Great Depression Period (1929-1939)
World War II Period (1941-1945)

Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, is the monetary value of all the goods and services produced by an economy during a specific period, including consumption, government purchases, investments, and exports minus imports. In the graph above, you can see how our GDP stalled during the Great Depression of the 1930s, then quickly increased by the end of the decade, and continued to grow at a steadier pace until 1960.

Download GDP Chart

United States Unemployment Rate

Unemployment Rate from 1910-1960 (Percentage of Labor Force)

US Unemployment Rate (%)
Great Depression Period (1929-1939)
World War II Period (1941-1945)

What trend do you see occurring from 1929-1939? What events do you think contributed to these changes in the unemployment rate?

Download U.S Unemployment Chart

Power Generation Map

Lesson 1: Political Cartoons about the New Deal